Landscape change patterns at three stages of the construction and operation of the TGP.

During the study period, SHDI showed a decreasing trend as the buffer distance increased.

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From 1986 to 2017, the ESI showed a trend of N, which indicated that the spatial structure of the landscape was more stable and ecological security was more reasonable due to the implementation of policies such as the return of farmland to forest and designation of red lines for ecological protection.

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