An empirical test of the bet-hedging polyandry hypothesis: Female red flour beetles avoid extinction via multiple mating.

Polyandrous females showed a trend to lay fewer eggs than monandrous females, suggesting some direct costs of polyandry (e.g., a harmful accessory gland substance; Arnqvist & Rowe, 2005 ; Harano et al., 2006 ), but this was compensated for by the higher egg hatching rate in polyandrous females.

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