Contraceptive progestins with androgenic properties stimulate breast epithelial cell proliferation.

At 10 μM, a trend was observed but this failed to reach significance with n = 3, likely due to the heterogeneous biological assay and lack of a pretreatment period.

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Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) of the differentially expressed genes using C2 and hallmarks MSigDB collections (Subramanian et al, 2005 ) demonstrated that R5020‐induced genes are enriched for a stem cell signature, in line with PR’s established role in stem cell function (Joshi et al, 2010 ; Axlund & Sartorius, 2012 ; Rajaram et al, 2015 ) and showed a trend of upregulation of Myc (adj P ‐value 0.054) (Fig 1E ).

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