Protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection by a mucosal vaccine in rhesus macaques.

Importantly, we noticed that gRNA in BAL inversely correlated (or showed a trend) with S1-specific IgA titers and IFN-α production in BAL samples ( Figure 5, C and D , R = –0.94 and –0.76; P = 0.02 and 0.12, respectively), suggesting that local respiratory mucosal immunity might participate in clearing of the input virus more efficiently ( Figure 5 ).

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