Circulating HMGB1 is elevated in veterans with Gulf War Illness and triggers the persistent pro-inflammatory microglia phenotype in male C57Bl/6J mice.

There was a significant trend in the correlation between serum HMGB1 levels and self-reported exposure to pyridostigmine bromide, which was used as an prophylactic against sarin nerve gas (Supplementary Table S1 , p = 0.0530), further supporting that circulating HMGB1 may be generalizable to GWI-specific exposures.

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