Ancient DNA Study in Medieval Europeans Shows an Association Between HLA-DRB1*03 and Paratyphoid Fever.

In line with this suggestive association result, the comparison of medieval cases with modern individuals yielded a frequency difference that was highly significant (10.2%; p = 0.005 , OR = 3.61) ( Table S1 ).

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The frequency of the DRB1*03 allele in the cases (29.6%) was considerably higher in comparison to the contemporaneous controls (13%, p = 0.189 ), albeit it did not reach statistical significance, likely owing to the small sample sizes for the medieval groups.

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