Power contours: Optimising sample size and precision in experimental psychology and human neuroscience.

The two factors were therefore stimulus contrast (0–64%), which produced a highly significant effect, F (6, 1287) = 171.83, p < 2 × 10 −16 , equivalent d = 1.78, and mask contrast (0 and 32%) which produced a smaller effect, F (1, 1287) = 12.89, p < .0004, equivalent d = 0.19.

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Nominally significant findings from low powered studies are less likely to reflect true effects ( Button et al., 2013 ), and because of publication bias (whereby significant findings are more likely to be published than nonsignificant ones) published low powered studies will also have a high Type I error (false positive) rate.

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