USP12 downregulation orchestrates a protumourigenic microenvironment and enhances lung tumour resistance to PD-1 blockade.

4 ) revealed an increase in the percentage of infiltrating tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) and in their expression of PD-L1, as well as in the fraction of CD4 + Foxp3 + CD25 + Treg cells in subcutaneous mouse LLC tumours with USP12 silencing, whereas trends towards increased the frequencies of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and decreased proportion of T cells in these tumours were also observed, although the differences did not reach statistical significance (Fig. 5a, b and Supplementary Fig. 5 ).

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