However, we still included pedicled PMMC flaps in the treatment algorithm as a first-line option since we have good experiences using this flap in other cancer cases, the number of patients is low and the literature does not show a clear trend towards or against pedicled versus free flaps.
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Intra- and Extrathoracic Malignant Tracheoesophageal Fistula-A Differentiated Reconstructive Algorithm.
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