a significant trendp < 0.001
The ES-J also differentiated healthy respondents (i.e., those with no history of MDE and without psychological distress) from subjects with a history of MDE and moderate to severe symptoms of psychological distress ( p < 0.001). The Jonckheere trend test revealed a significant trend ( p < 0.001): a healthy population without history scored higher on ES-J, and a severely distressed population with history scored lower on ES-J.