Surgical Menopause and Estrogen Therapy Modulate the Gut Microbiota, Obesity Markers, and Spatial Memory in Rats.

On the moderate load trial, Trial 3, OVX enhanced performance compared to ovary-intact Sham treatment [OVX-Vehicle vs Sham-Vehicle: F (1,18) = 4.81, p < 0.05], while on the maximum load trial, Trial 4, OVX tended to impair performance compared to ovary-intact Sham treatment [OVX-Vehicle vs Sham-Vehicle: F (1,18) = 3.40, p = 0.06], although this effect did not reach statistical significance for this comparison.

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