Crop production and nitrogen use in European cropland and grassland 1961-2019.

Specialization has been a strong trend, visible on subnational as well as national and continental scale 3 – 6 .

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Before the 1990s we have not found quantitative data, although an increasing trend of synthetic N inputs on permanent grassland was noted already in 1965 62 and permanent grassland productivity then increased along with overall synthetic N inputs into the 1970s and 1980s 135 .

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