Serum IL-18 Is a Potential Biomarker for Predicting Severe Dengue Disease Progression.

In contrast, based on the results (Table S5 and Figure 4(c) ), the cytokine levels showed a decreasing trend that was not statistically significant (IFN- γ , P = 0.06, and RANTES, P = 0.071) in the acute phase of the SDD group (IFN- γ , x ® = 38.4 pg / mL , and RANTES, x ® = 6515.1 pg / mL ) compared to the MDF group (IFN- γ , x ® = 110.6 pg / mL , and RANTES, x ® = 12021.6 pg / mL ), indicating an inability of the immune response to defend against the infection, thus promoting the progression to severe infection.

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In contrast, there was nonsignificance over the twofold decreasing trend in SDD+C compared with SDD-C, such as IFN- γ , IP-10, IFN- α 2, IL-13, IL-1 β , and IL-2 (Table S6 ), with the near-significant fewer production of IFN- α 2 ( P = 0.079) and IL-12 ( P = 0.062) ( Figure 5(c) ).

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Other cytokines/chemokines that showed a borderline significant increase in acute dengue compared with healthy ones were IP-10, MIP-1 β , and IL-7 ( Figure 3(c) ).

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Several cytokines/chemokines showed an increasing trend over twofold in SDD+C compared with SDD-C, such as IL-10, IL-6, TNF- α , IL-8, IL-4, MIP-1 β , VEGF, and IL-18 (Table S6 ), with the most significant changes found in IL-18 ( P < 0.01) ( Figure 5(a) ).

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