Pigeons retain partial memories of homing paths years after learning them individually, collectively or culturally.

Pigeons from the individual and cultural learning treatments had lower efficiency than that observed in the last flight in 2016 (2016 versus indiv.: z = −3.862, p = 0.001; versus cult.: z = −6.774, p < 0.001); the difference was only marginally significant for the collective learning treatment (2016 versus coll.: z = −2.626, p = 0.07).

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