Comprehensive Physiological Modeling Provides Novel Insights Into Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Physiology.

Unlike heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, the diagnosis of HFpEF can be challenging given that in some cases natriuretic peptide levels may be normal and echocardiographic indices may be of indeterminate significance. 1 , 2 In such cases, stress hemodynamic investigation has proven to be the gold‐standard diagnostic approach. 3 , 4 Key characteristics of hemodynamic responses to exercise in patients with HFpEF compared with normal subjects include marked elevations of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), central venous pressure (CVP), and reduced cardiac output (CO) reserve.

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