Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tAVNS) Delivered During Upper Limb Interactive Robotic Training Demonstrates Novel Antagonist Control for Reaching Movements Following Stroke.

MTS total score and MTS shoulder score also decreased in the active compared to the sham condition, and these changes approached significance at discharge (MTS total: P = 0.0616, t = 1.945, Welch’s t -test, sham = –0.49 ± 0.38, active = –1.60 ± 0.50; MTS shoulder: P = 0.051, U = 88.5, Mann-Whitney U-test, sham = –0.25 ± 0.24, active = –0.72 ± 0.25; Figure 3B ).

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