Locus coeruleus neurons encode the subjective difficulty of triggering and executing actions.

In the force discounting task, in the [0; 600 ms] epoch after action onset, corresponding to the time during which the force was exerted ( S1 Fig ), 50/92 neurons showed a significant change in rate compared to pre-go signal rate (10 decreased and 40 increased; Fig 3B ), and the activation was clearly significant at the population level (t(91) = 15.29; p < 10 −26 ; Fig 3E ).

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The effect was significant for 14/92 neurons (2 negative and 12 positive) and marginally significant at the population level (second-order t test: t(91) = 1.68; p = 0.096; Fig 4L ).

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