Blocking of inflammatory heparan sulfate domains by specific antibodies is not protective in experimental glomerulonephritis.

Following the trend of glomerular PMN influx, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, the chemokine CXCL1, endothelial cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1, L-selectin and NF-κB was either significantly increased or showed a strong trend towards increased mRNA expression 2 hours after co-injection of anti-HS antibody EW3D10 compared to mice injected with anti-GBM IgG alone, which persisted up to 1 day after co-injection for IL-6, CXCL-1 and L-selectin ( Fig 5A–5E ).

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