In the fully adjusted model, MFI remained significant [1.09 (1.01–1.16), P = 0.020], while muscle volume z‐score reached borderline significance [0.87 (0.76–1.01), P = 0.064] and the association with hand grip strength was non‐significant [0.99 (0.97–1.00), P = 0.162].
Although the associations between mortality and hand grip strength (both continuously and binary represented) were attenuated when models were adjusted for previous disease, the associations were borderline significant and the results indicate that MFI, muscle volume z‐score, and hand grip strength could effectively aid in the identification of vulnerable individuals independent of each other.