Tryptophan metabolites suppress the Wnt pathway and promote adverse limb events in chronic kidney disease.

In fibroblasts (NIH 3T3) and epithelial cells (human kidney HK-2), IS at 10 μM showed a trend toward increases in cytosolic β-catenin in these cells.

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Uremic serum induced approximately 80% downregulation of nuclear β-catenin in the AHR KI MEFs ( P < 0.001) compared with controls, while AHR KO MEFs showed a nonsignificant trend toward reduction in nuclear β-catenin with uremic serum.

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