Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Dietary Supplementation to Prevent Bone Mineral Density Loss: A Food Pyramid.

In a controlled double-blind trial, Hermann et al., showed that after one year of supplementation with a combination of folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6, there was no significant differences in femoral and lumbar BMD values in the experimental group, and only urinary DPD showed a highly significant reduction following vitamin supplementation.

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Moreover, Grieger et al., showed that six months of a daily multivitamin and mineral supplementation (including folic acid, vitamin B12, B6 and B2) is associated with a significant improvement in bone quality (greater increase for serum 25 (OH) D, folate, and vitamin B12; greater increase in QUS; trend towards a 63% lower mean number of falls) and with a reduction in the number of falls, which, however, did not reach statistical significance [ 153 ].

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Therefore, 12 cohort studies and one randomized clinical trial were analyzed for a total of 273,087 subjects (mainly postmenopausal women and men with an age >65 years): the qualitative evaluation could show a positive trend among higher protein intakes and higher BMDs of the femoral neck and total hip.

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