Local and Transient Changes of Sleep Spindle Density During Series of Prefrontal Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Patients With a Major Depressive Episode.

Subsequently, post-hoc paired- t tests at the F3 electrode showed that the spindle density increased significantly between Baseline and Post-1 ( t 11 = –3.265, p = 0.008, Cohen’s d = 0.58) and exhibited a decreasing trend between Post-1 and Post-2 t 11 = 2.304, p = 0.044, Cohen’s d = 0.53 ( Table 2 and Figure 2 ).

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Notably, the mean amplitude of each spindle showed a trend-level ( p = 0.085) decrease at Post-1, whereas the mean duration did not change over time ( p = 0.77).

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