Association of clonal hematopoiesis with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

The OR in never-smokers and current-smokers was directionally consistent with the other strata but did not reach statistical significance, potentially because the former was underpowered with few cases of COPD in never-smokers and the latter was potentially confounded by the “healthy smoker phenomenon,” in which patients with the worst COPD are more likely to quit smoking, causing a paradoxical finding that current-smoking status is protective for COPD and COPD exacerbations in COPDGene.

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