only marginally significantP = 0.06
However, among HIV-uninfected participants, geohelminth infection was associated with lower fat mass and waist circumference ( P <0.005, all) and with HbA1c, although this was only marginally significant ( P = 0.06) ( Table 5 ) Discussion In this study, we had hypothesized that helminth infection in HIV-uninfected participants would be associated with better insulin sensitivity and β-cell function whereas helminth-HIV co-infection would increase the risk of insulin resistance and β-cell function as result of severe immune activation and chronic inflammation [ 39 , 40 ].