Changes in Japanese Junior High School Students' Sense of Coherence Before and After the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study of Children and Mothers.

A comparison of parental baseline data between the two groups showed no difference in subjective family economic conditions, but at baseline, mothers in Group 2 ( p = 0.078) showed a trend of being regular employees. “Furthermore, after the outbreak of the pandemic, the percentage of mothers in Group 2 who answered “yes” to the “I got a new job” item were higher than the percentage of those who answered the same in Group 1 ( p = 0.062).

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We asked about negative perceptions about school life, such as “I was ignored by my classmates and felt unpleasant.” Additionally, based on discussions among the authors of the present study and previous research ( 29 ), we included five stressor items related to club activities, as they are highly significant for Japanese junior high school students.

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