Over most regions, the 1-pentad onset flash droughts also show an increasing trend, especially in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Central North America where the increase in the proportion of 1-pentad onset flash droughts is greater than 20% (Supplementary Fig. 6 ), indicating that more flash drought events develop within one week over these regions.
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Accelerating flash droughts induced by the joint influence of soil moisture depletion and atmospheric aridity.
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Over most regions the frequency of flash droughts, in general, does not show a statistically significant trend, and there is only a significant trend over the Mediterranean Basin, Central Asia, and Sahara (Supplementary Fig. 10 ).
Positive values of standardized test statistic Z MK indicate an increasing trend in the flash drought time series, whereas negative Z MK values suggest a decreasing trend.