Calorie restriction improves metabolic state independently of gut microbiome composition: a randomized dietary intervention trial.

Also in this external data set, we observed a similar association (Pearson’s r = 0.21 compared to 0.27 in the Helena Trial), which however did not reach statistical significance ( P = 0.13) (Fig. 5 c).

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Moreover, we found highly significant metabolic improvements associated with weight loss: established biomarkers of lipid metabolism (cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and leptin), liver, and kidney function (ALT and GGT) as well as cardiovascular health (thrombocytes and E-selectin as well as blood pressure) were all positively linearly associated with weight loss (Fig. 4 a, d–i and Additional file 2 : Table S6).

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