Heparan sulfate mimetic fucoidan restores the endothelial glycocalyx and protects against dysfunction induced by serum of COVID-19 patients in the intensive care unit.

Mechanistically, we observed that addition of fucoidan showed a trend of decreasing HPSE-1 gene expression ( supplementary figure S3a ) in the ICU patient group, which coincided with reduced syndecan-1 gene expression ( SDC1 ) and was significantly restored after fucoidan supplementation ( supplementary figure S3b ).

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