Are Estimates of the Health Opportunity Cost Being Used to Draw Conclusions in Published Cost-Effectiveness Analyses? A Scoping Review in Four Countries.

In the binary model, the following variables were negatively associated with the use of the HOC value: if the study authors had a conflict of interest, if the intervention type was educational/behavioural, and if the study was based on observational data (the latter only weakly significant), while the following variables were positively associated with the use of the HOC estimate: a longer period between the time of the publication of the HOC estimate and the time the study was conducted, if the ICER of the intervention was below €20,000/AUD20,000, and if the study was conducted in Spain (the latter only weakly significant).

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