Depressive Symptoms, Cardiac Structure and Function, and Risk of Incident Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction and Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction in Late Life.

40 , 41 , 43 , 44 In a study of 1404 patients with HF, no significant difference in prevalence was found between HFpEF (36%), heart failure with midrange ejection fraction (32%), and HFrEF (31%), 40 although in another study of 233 patients with HF, a significant trend for higher depression prevalence was observed across HFpEF (20%), heart failure with midrange ejection fraction (33%), and HFrEF (35%) groups. 43 Two smaller studies found no significant differences in prevalence when comparing HFpEF with HFrEF (25% versus 24%, respectively, n=105 in one study; 11% versus 22%, respectively, n=202 in the other study). 41 , 44 However, these prior studies compared depression prevalence between HF phenotypes and not with HF‐free participants.

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