Assessing influences of climate change on highland barley productivity in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during 1978-2017.

Estimation of trend and change rate The trend was detected with the nonparametric Mann–Kendall test, a widely used approach to determine whether there is a significant trend in time series data 41 , 42 .

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In TZ-1 and TZ-2, the mean potential yield was in an increasing trend, at a rate of 23.9 and 10.1 kg/ha/year, but in TZ-3 to Tz-5, it was decreased, averaged − 15.9, − 23.8 and − 16.7 kg/ha/year, respectively (Fig. 3 d).

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