Mussel-inspired multifunctional surface through promoting osteogenesis and inhibiting osteoclastogenesis to facilitate bone regeneration.

In all evaluations, differences were considered significant at * or # , represented by a p value < 0.05, and highly significant at ** or ## , with a p value < 0.01.

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Interestingly, rBMSCs treated with various extracts also showed a trend similar to that of MC3T3-E1 cells in terms of ALP, ARS, and Von Kossa staining (Supplementary Fig. 8 ), confirming the improved capability for in vitro osteogenesis of HS@PDA-LYN/HA through sustained Ca ion release.

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