Effects of an Amino Acid-Based Formula Supplemented with Two Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Growth, Tolerability, Safety, and Gut Microbiome in Infants with Cow's Milk Protein Allergy.

There were highly significant group differences in beta diversity, both when comparing by study visits (R 2 = 5.37%; p = 0.003) or age windows (R 2 = 4.93%; p < 0.0001); Figure 5 . 3.7.2.

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At the genus level, the abundance of bifidobacteria increased with borderline significance from V0 to V1 ( p = 0.016; FDR = 0.157) and V4 ( p = 0.046; FDR = 0.137) ( Figure 6 C).

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Was enriched at V4 ( p < 0.0031; FDR < 0.021) and borderline significant at V5 ( p = 0.057; FDR = 0.121).

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There was an increase of borderline significance in this set from V0 to V1 ( p = 0.07), with a significant enrichment demonstrated for subsequent visits at V4 ( p = 0.017) and V5 ( p = 0.005) ( Figure 7 ). 3.7.4.

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Due to the relatively small sample size and significant age gradient at V0, there were few significant findings at the species level, and the comparisons of individual bifidobacterial species mostly did not reach statistical significance.

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