Oncolytic virus expressing PD-1 inhibitors activates a collaborative intratumoral immune response to control tumor and synergizes with CTLA-4 or TIM-3 blockade.

Although there was no significant difference in the distant tumor volume between the two monotherapies ( figure 6C ), YST-OVH therapy showed a trend toward a smaller virus-injected tumor volume than anti-CTLA-4 therapy ( figure 6B ), possibly due to the direct oncolytic effects of YST-OVH in the virus-injected tumors.

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