Human gingival mesenchymal stem cells retain their growth and immunomodulatory characteristics independent of donor age.

As ALP is an early osteogenic marker, these observations imply that GMSCs from young and aging donors responded similarly to initial osteogenic stimulus (as depicted by similar ALP levels), but this tendency did not reach statistical significance, possibly due to high interindividual variations that are generally observed in differentiation assays ( 23 , 39 ).

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