CPB/DHCA resulted in significant increases in serum NGAL, the urine NGAL-to-creatinine ratio, and tissue NGAL mRNA as well as a decrease in tissue KIM-1 mRNA, with trends toward further increases in serum NGAL and the urine NGAL-to-creatinine ratio in CPB/DHCA animals with AKI that did not reach statistical significance ( 35 ).
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Metabolomic profiling demonstrates evidence for kidney and urine metabolic dysregulation in a piglet model of cardiac surgery-induced acute kidney injury.
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