Effects of single and combined exposure to lead and stress during pregnancy on offspring neurodevelopment.

After adjusting for related confounders, at 6 months of age, compared with the control group, the social-emotional scores from the ASQ assessment showed an increase of 4.36 (95 % CI: 1.55, 7.18) points ( P = 0.003) in the high stress group and an increase of 4.62 (95 % CI: −0.22, 9.45) points (at marginal significance, P = 0.062) in the combined exposure group.

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However, consistent with other studies ( Hu et al., 2006 , Al-Saleh et al., 2009 ), the association of prenatal lead exposure with neurodevelopment of infants did not reach statistical significance after adjustment for confounding factors, which may be related to relatively low blood lead levels, the selection of the cutoff values for high blood lead and the choice of confounding factors.

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