Other osteogenesis-associated genes (ALP, OCN, and Col1a) were not significantly expressed on day 7; however, they showed a trend similar to that of Runx2 and osterix on day 14. 3.3 Ectopic osteogenesis in muscle pouch 3.3.1 X-ray and EDS spectrum analysis The results showed that images of implants in the T0 group were almost uncaptured at all time points, whereas the images of implants in groups T5, T6, T7, and T8 exhibited varying degrees of mineralization with increasing time ( Fig. 4 a).
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A 3D bioprinted nano-laponite hydrogel construct promotes osteogenesis by activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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