Distinguishing Between Invoking Theory and Using Theory Even among reviews reporting at least one supportive association between theory usage and outcomes, effect sizes have been generally small, inconsistent, only marginally significant, or questionable upon inspection of the interval estimates (Kim et al., 1997 ; Ammerman et al., 2002 ; Noar et al., 2007 ; Taylor et al., 2012 ).
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Explanations for the Cloudy Evidence That Theory Benefits Health Promotion.
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