Astrocyte arborization enhances Ca²⁺ but not cAMP signaling plasticity.

In contrast, NB+ cells displayed a positive trend ( p < .001), suggesting a slightly enhanced cAMP production in response to NA stimulation in the cell processes (Figure 6d , right). 4 DISCUSSION Previous studies on cultured astrocytes revealed that Ca 2+ signaling is phasic and fast, whereas cAMP signaling exhibits tonic and slower dynamics (Horvat et al., 2016 ), which was subsequently confirmed in an in vivo system (Oe et al., 2020 ), validating the use of cultured cells to study basic cell processes.

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In addition, we found cases of either a statistically significant positive trend (DMEM+, 3/22 paths; NB+, 3/20 paths) or a negative trend in subcellular [cAMP] i distribution (DMEM+, 1/22 paths; NB+, 4/20 paths).

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