Indeed, there is a clear trend to evaluate both glomerular and tubular injury to detect AKI. 63 Analytical considerations To date targeting AKI in acute HF with experimental pharmacotherapies has unfortunately failed. 64 It is critical to detect the development of kidney injury early in order to apply renoprotective me
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Circulating heart failure biomarkers beyond natriuretic peptides: review from the Biomarker Study Group of the Heart Failure Association (HFA), European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
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