Hormetic and transgenerational effects in spotted-wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in response to three commonly-used insecticides.

A significant effect of sex and treatment was found, as well as a marginally significant sex*treatment interaction, but no effect of exposure type ( Table 3 ).

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Overall, results showed comparable mortality with a weak trend of slightly higher mortality for males and slightly lower mortality for females in some sub-lethal parental treatments.

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Sub-lethal exposure had largely similar effects on survival across insecticides and showed a trend of hormesis, as survivorship was the same or higher than the control treatments in at least one sub-lethal dose for each insecticide ( Fig 2A–2E ).

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