Study on air temperature estimation and its influencing factors in a complex mountainous area.

According to pixel statistics, the inter-annual change rate, k , of NDVI showed an increasing trend from 2001 to 2020, accounting for 98.64% of the entire study area, and only 1.36% of the area showed a decline ( Fig 8A ).

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However, the NDVI in this region showed a trend of slow increase, and the long-term trend k was between 0 and 0.003 ( Fig 8A ).

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In terms of interannual variation, the air temperature in the study area showed a slightly increasing trend, with an average annual increase of 0.047°C.

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In terms of spatial distribution, the overall trend of the multi-year average air temperature distribution showed a decreasing trend from southeast to northwest and from east to west ( Fig 5A ).

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