Effect of substrate properties and phosphorus supply on facilitating the uptake of rare earth elements (REE) in mixed culture cropping systems of Hordeum vulgare, Lupinus albus and Lupinus angustifolius.

Moreover, besides major effects of the substrate, multifactor MANOVA revealed significant effects of intercropping (culture form) on Mn in leaves ( p < 0.001) and marginally significant effects on Ca ( p = 0.08), while in the tillers, concentrations of P and Fe exhibited significant substrate–culture interactions, indicating that the effect of culture form depends on the growth substrate.

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Although the literature indicates a clear trend of decreasing REE concentrations in the order roots > stems > leaves across many plant species and genera (Li et al. 2001 ; Wen et al. 2001 ; Xu et al. 2003 ; Tyler 2004 ; Brioschi et al. 2013 ; Yuan et al. 2018 ), some studies also reported a reversed concentration pattern showing higher concentrations in leaves than in stems, especially in cereals such as oat, wheat and rice (Wiche et al. 2016a , b ; Kovaříková et al. 2019 ).

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