Antioxidant Therapy Significantly Attenuates Hepatotoxicity following Low Dose Exposure to Microcystin-LR in a Murine Model of Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Immunostaining the protein carbonyl fragments, a typical ROS-induced protein modification, in the livers showed a trend that depicted increase in oxidative stress on exposure to MC-LR but decreased on treatment with targeted antioxidant therapy ( Supplementary Materials Figure S4 ).

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There were also no significant changes in the liver weights, however, in both CDHFD and diet control model, livers of mice exposed to the toxin showed a decreasing trend as compared to the Vehicle ( Supplementary Materials Figure S1b ). 3.2.

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We also demonstrated that the levels of the toxin and its metabolite MC-LR Cysteine could be detected in the urine using the mass spectrometric approach and the results are in line with GST activity such that MC-LR levels were seen to be significantly decreased on treatment with antioxidants whereas there was an increasing trend in the levels of MC-LR Cysteine indicating that NAFLD along with MC-LR causes reduction in glutathione and its related enzymes that affects the metabolism of the toxin which is restored by treatment with antioxidants.

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