Quantifying the effects of human activities and climate variability on runoff changes using variable infiltration capacity model.

(2) Cropland and forest land showed an increasing trend, with grassland and barren land accounting for most of the increase.

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Fig 7(B) reveals the degree of change in runoff during different impact phases compared to the reference phase, from which it could be found that runoff increased by 3.86% during the whole impact period, except for winter and summer when it showed a decreasing trend.

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Narrowing the study scale to intra-annual variation, we found that the LAI showed a trend consistent with runoff variation throughout the study period, with peaks in summer (June, July, and August) and valleys in the other periods.

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