The noradrenergic might contribute to AF vulnerability in CCI chronic pain mice, as shown in our research β-receptor blocker propranolol preventing TEB induction AF occurrence in one mouse, although these data failed to reach statistical significance. α1 receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor and causes Ca 2+ release from SR by generating IP3 and DAD, which thought may contribute to atrial fibrillation ( 20 , 38 , 39 ).
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Muscarinic receptor regulation of chronic pain-induced atrial fibrillation.
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