A pachyderm perfume: odour encodes identity and group membership in African elephants.

Group differences Multivariate statistical analyses of the relative proportion of each substance sampled from the 15 family groups revealed highly significant differences in chemical profiles of temporal (ANOSIM, global R = 0.45, p < 0.0019), genital (ANOSIM, global R = 0.45, p < 0.0001) and buccal (ANOSIM, global R = 0.39, p < 0.0001) secretions between groups (Table 2 ).

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Elephant odour was significantly different between age categories in temporal and buccal secretions, while a result approaching significance was obtained for sex in genital and temporal odour.

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