Presurgical language mapping in bilingual children using transcranial magnetic stimulation: illustrative case.

19 To our knowledge, three previous studies of bilingual language organization have used TMS, all in healthy adults; all demonstrated both shared and distinct language-specific cortical areas, although one examined the right hemisphere and differences in error rates between the first and second language did not reach statistical significance. 17 , 27 , 28 Additionally, there are two reports of TMS causing or altering involuntary language switching in three patients following application to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. 29 , 30 Our TMS results in this patient provide further evidence that bilingual language representation comprises both shared and distinct, language-specific cortical areas.

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