The immunomodulation-immunogenicity balance of equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) is differentially affected by the immune cell response depending on inflammatory licensing and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) compatibility.

Interestingly, there was a clear trend for VCAM1 downregulation depending on the type of activated lymphocytes, with the mismatched co-culture leading to the greatest reduction ( p < 0.05 compared with matched, p < 0.01 compared with autologous; Figure 4E ).

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